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Galicia (, ; , (:ħaˈliθja), or (:ħaˈlisja); ; Galician and Portuguese: ''Galiza'', , (:ħaˈliθa) or (:ħaˈlisa)) is a nation internationally recognised in 1933,〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=80 anos dende que Galicia é, oficialmente, nación (in Galician) )〕 legally established as an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.〔"Galicia, a historic nationality, constitutes itself as an autonomous community for accessing to its self-government", "Galicia, nacionalidade histórica, constitúese en Comunidade Autónoma para acceder ó seu autogoberno" Statute of Autonomy of Galicia (1981), 1.〕 Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula, it comprises the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, being bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north. It had a population of 2,765,940 in 2013〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ige.eu/web/index.jsp?paxina=001&idioma=gl )〕 and has a total area of . Galicia has over of coastline,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ige.eu/igebdt/esqv.jsp?paxina=001&c=0501&ruta=verPpalesResultados.jsp?OP=1&B=1&M=&COD=4576&R=9912%5Ball%5D&C=0%5Ball%5D&F=&S= )〕 including its offshore islands and islets, among them Cíes Islands, Ons, Sálvora, Cortegada, and—the largest and most populated—A Illa de Arousa. The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and it takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC, in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga (Portugal) which was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula, taking the Visigoth kingdom, but soon in 740 Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings, but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and personality. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an ''Adiantado-mór'', whose attributions passed to the ''Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza'' from the last years of the 15th century.〔 The Governor also presided the ''Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia'', a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the ''Cortes'' or ''Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia'', an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia, a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936, and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, currently in force. The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape, although mountain ranges rise to in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of ''rías'' (submerged valleys where the sea penetrates tens of kilometres inland) and cliffs. The climate of Galicia is temperate and rainy, but it is also markedly drier in the summer, being usually classified as Oceanic in the west and north, and Mediterranean in the southeast. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history. With the exception of shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was largely a semi-subsistence farming and fishing economy and did not experience significant industrialization until after the mid-twentieth century. In 2012, the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity was €56,000 million, with a nominal GDP per capita of €20,700.〔 The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas: from Ferrol to A Coruña in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest. To a lesser extent, there are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coruña. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the most populous municipality with 294,997 (2014), while A Coruña is the most populous city with 215.227 (2014).〔INE 2013〕 Two languages are official and widely used today in Galicia: the native Galician, a Romance language closely related to Portuguese with which it shares Galician-Portuguese medieval literature, and the Spanish language, usually known locally as ''Castilian''. 56% of the Galician population speak more in Galician than in Castilian, while 43% speak more in Castilian.〔(Instituto Galego de Estatística ) (source is in Galician)〕 ==Etymology== (詳細はGallaecia'', related to the name of an ancient Celtic tribe that resided north of the Douro river, the Gallaeci or Callaeci in Latin, or (''Kallaïkoí'') in Greek. These ''Callaeci'' were the first tribe in the area to help the Lusitanians against the invading Romans. The Romans then applied their name to all the other tribes in the north west who spoke the same language and lived the same life.〔Luján, Eugenio R. (2000): "Ptolemy's 'Callaecia' and the language(s) of the 'Callaeci', in ''Ptolemy: towards a linguistic atlas of the earliest Celtic place-names of Europe : papers from a workshop sponsored by the British Academy'', Dept. of Welsh, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11–12 April 1999, pp. 55-72. Parsons and Patrick Sims-Williams editors.〕〔Paredes, Xoán (2000): "Curiosities across the Atlantic: a brief summary of some of the Irish-Galician classical folkloric similarities nowadays. Galician singularities for the Irish", in ''Chimera'', Dept. of Geography, University College Cork, Ireland〕 Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars〔 derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'.〔Curchin, Leonard A. (2008) (Estudios Gallegos''The toponyms of the Roman Galicia: New Study'' ). CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS GALLEGOS LV (121): 111.〕 In any case, ''Galicia'', being ''per se'' a derivation of the ethnic name ''Kallaikói'', would mean 'the land of the Galicians'. The name evolved during the Middle Ages from ''Gallaecia'', sometimes written ''Galletia'', to ''Gallicia''. In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, ''Galiza'' became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, ''Galicia'', which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name. The historical denomination ''Galiza'' became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century, being still used with some frequency today, although not by the Xunta de Galicia, the local devolved government. The Royal Galician Academy, the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizing it as a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country is ''Galicia''. ==History== (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galicia (Spain)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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